Today is Independence Day in America, also known as the Fourth of July. Americans have always been enthusiastic about their freedom, especially when you consider it’s an integral part of the American philosophy of life.
The Gilded Age and Progressive Era were no exceptions. America was coming into its own during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Spanish-American War of 1898 brought America to the world stage for the first time. The nation was prosperous, and social reforms were making it even better. Things were pretty good.
But sometimes Americans carried their enthusiasm a little too far. Today the Fourth of July is largely a social holiday with parades, family BBQs, and fireworks. I’ll never forget my first San Francisco Fourth celebration in 1995. I went to Crissy Field to see them shoot fireworks over the bay. It was an amazing spectacle of national spirit and dedication.
Photo Credit: Drawing of a skeleton dressed up for the 4th of July celebrations, 1899, lithograph, created by L. Crusius, Welcome Collection: Look and Learn/CC BY 4.0
Ironically, during the Progressive Era, however, many politicians and reformers were pushing for a “quiet” Fourth of July celebration, encouraging Americans to stay home instead of going out into the street. They had good reason. The enthusiasm for the Fourth had, by that time, gotten out of hand. Children were going around shooting off toy guns, and sometimes their aim wasn’t so careful. Fireworks, as you might imagine, weren’t exactly sophisticated in those days, so safety wasn’t a priority. Added to that were cannons, firecrackers, and other explosives that caused many injuries and even death. And we’re talking serious numbers here. In 1903, more than 400 people died, and 4,000 were injured during the nation’s Fourth of July celebrations. Many of these fatalities came from shrapnel wounds acquired by dangerous explosives or careless toy guns that resulted in tetanus.
The reformers of what was dubbed the Safe and Sane movement weren’t exactly welcomed with open arms. Many Americans made fun of the reform movements taking place in the early 20th century, and they resented these reformers who wanted to take away their holiday fun. But they could do little about it when cities began to implement ordinances to curtail these dangerous practices. In San Francisco (where part of my Adele Gossling Mysteries series takes place), women’s clubs worked hard to get toy guns banned from kids under seventeen. Sadly, they did not succeed, but they did succeed in restricting dangerous explosives, cannons, and firecrackers from these celebrations.
By the 1920s (when my Grave Sisters Mysteries series takes place), Fourth of July celebrations were an entirely different animal. The transformation from chaos and danger to community was complete. You were more likely to see people running in a three-legged race or participating in a pie tasting contest than shooting off cannons or toy guns. Other events besides fireworks included sports and picnics. These practices gave Americans a chance to celebrate the holiday in a social environment that was, well, safe and sane!
Feel free to check out my Adele Gossling Mysteries and my Grave Sisters Mysteries to learn a lot more history from the early 20th century (and engage in some fun mysteries too!)
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